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proving systems and zkVMs performance on consumer hardware
| prover | proving system | zero-knowledge | post-quantum | security | VM | ISA | audit | maintained | field / curve | arithmetization | IOP | PCS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| barretenberg | UltraHonk | yes | no | 128-bit | no | - | not audited | yes | BN254 | ACIR | UltraHonk | KZG |
| binius64 | Binius64 | no | yes | 96-bit | no | - | not audited | yes | GHASH binary field | Binius64 | Binius64 | Binius64 |
| cairo-m | Circle STARK | no | yes | 96-bit | yes | Cairo ISA | not audited | no | M31 | AIR | Circle FRI | Circle FRI |
| circom | Groth16 | yes | no | 128-bit | no | - | partially audited | yes | Bn254 | R1CS | Groth16 | - |
| expander | Libra | no | yes | 128-bit | no | - | not audited | yes | M31 | GKR | GKR | Orion |
| jolt | Jolt | yes | no | 128-bit | yes | RISC-V RV64IMAC | not audited | yes | Bn254 | Jolt | Twist & Shout | Dory |
| ligetron | Ligero | yes | yes | 128-bit | yes | WASM | not audited | yes | Bn254 | Ligero | Ligero | Ligero |
| miden | STARK | no | yes | 128-bit | yes | Miden | not audited | yes | Goldilocks | AIR | STARK | FRI |
| plonky2 | Plonky2 | yes | yes | 100-bit | no | - | audited | no | Goldilocks | Plonkish | FRI | FRI |
| provekit | Spartan+WHIR | yes | yes | 128-bit | no | - | not audited | yes | Bn254 | R1CS | Spartan | WHIR |
| risc0 | STARK | yes | yes | 96-bit | yes | RISC-V RV32IM | partially audited | yes | BabyBear | AIR | STARK | FRI |
| rookie-numbers | Rookie Numbers | no | yes | 96-bit | no | - | not audited | yes | M31 | AIR | FRI | Circle-PCS |
| spartan2 | Spartan2 | yes | no | 128-bit | no | - | not audited | yes | P256 | R1CS | Spartan | Hyrax |
| stark-v | Circle STARK | no | yes | 96-bit | yes | RISC-V RV32IM | not audited | yes | M31 | AIR | Circle FRI | Circle FRI |
| info | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
barretenberg | 128 | 666ms | 23ms | 127.19 MB | 15.84 KB | 21K | - | |
barretenberg | 256 | 710ms | 23ms | 136.92 MB | 15.84 KB | 29K | - | |
barretenberg | 512 | 800ms | 23ms | 150.60 MB | 15.84 KB | 47K | - | |
barretenberg | 1,024 | 1.2s | 23ms | 295.34 MB | 15.84 KB | 82K | - | |
barretenberg | 2,048 | 2.2s | 23ms | 603.29 MB | 15.84 KB | 152K | - | |
binius64 | 128 | 42ms | 7ms | 51.52 MB | 147.16 KB | 6.3K | - | |
binius64 | 256 | 49ms | 8ms | 61.70 MB | 156.00 KB | 10K | - | |
binius64 | 512 | 59ms | 12ms | 74.61 MB | 166.34 KB | 19K | - | |
binius64 | 1,024 | 73ms | 18ms | 104.40 MB | 179.69 KB | 35K | - | |
binius64 | 2,048 | 96ms | 28ms | 156.08 MB | 249.81 KB | 69K | - | |
cairo-m | 128 | 1.3s | 10ms | 1.75 GB | 1.04 MB | 0 | 57K | |
cairo-m | 256 | 1.4s | 10ms | 1.78 GB | 1.04 MB | 0 | 96K | |
cairo-m | 512 | 1.5s | 10ms | 1.90 GB | 1.06 MB | 0 | 172K | |
cairo-m | 1,024 | 1.9s | 11ms | 2.10 GB | 1.05 MB | 0 | 325K | |
cairo-m | 2,048 | 2.5s | 11ms | 2.56 GB | 1.05 MB | 0 | 631K | |
circom | 128 | 356ms | 27ms | 155.93 MB | 1014 bytes | 95K | - | |
circom | 256 | 639ms | 44ms | 234.29 MB | 1006 bytes | 159K | - | |
circom | 512 | 1.2s | 76ms | 431.27 MB | 1008 bytes | 286K | - | |
circom | 1,024 | 2.3s | 139ms | 613.30 MB | 1007 bytes | 541K | - | |
circom | 2,048 | 4.7s | 262ms | 1.25 GB | 1014 bytes | 1.1M | - | |
expander | 128 | 46ms | 96ms | 860.67 MB | 1.87 MB | 431K | - | |
expander | 256 | 81ms | 154ms | 1.28 GB | 1.98 MB | 756K | - | |
expander | 512 | 146ms | 275ms | 2.01 GB | 2.76 MB | 1.4M | - | |
expander | 1,024 | 283ms | 505ms | 3.80 GB | 2.89 MB | 2.7M | - | |
expander | 2,048 | 545ms | 934ms | 6.99 GB | 3.06 MB | 5.3M | - | |
jolt | 128 | 1.5s | 155ms | 193.41 MB | 78.85 KB | 0 | 22K | |
jolt | 256 | 1.7s | 165ms | 190.15 MB | 81.87 KB | 0 | 34K | |
jolt | 512 | 2.0s | 165ms | 202.21 MB | 81.87 KB | 0 | 58K | |
jolt | 1,024 | 2.7s | 165ms | 234.68 MB | 82.29 KB | 0 | 106K | |
jolt | 2,048 | 3.4s | 172ms | 296.35 MB | 85.25 KB | 0 | 202K | |
ligetron | 128 | 828ms | 380ms | 132.13 MB | 3.49 MB | 198K | - | |
ligetron | 256 | 1.1s | 417ms | 131.15 MB | 3.75 MB | 345K | - | |
ligetron | 512 | 1.7s | 577ms | 135.54 MB | 4.25 MB | 641K | - | |
ligetron | 1,024 | 3.1s | 901ms | 136.75 MB | 5.18 MB | 1.2M | - | |
ligetron | 2,048 | 5.7s | 1.5s | 147.22 MB | 7.45 MB | 2.4M | - | |
miden | 128 | 3.9s | 2ms | 764.31 MB | 193.22 KB | 0 | 29K | |
miden | 256 | 8.0s | 2ms | 1.47 GB | 212.65 KB | 0 | 49K | |
miden | 512 | 15.4s | 3ms | 2.77 GB | 232.93 KB | 0 | 88K | |
miden | 1,024 | 31.6s | 3ms | 5.40 GB | 254.06 KB | 0 | 165K | |
miden | 2,048 | 1m 3s | 3ms | 10.57 GB | 276.03 KB | 0 | 321K | |
plonky2 | 128 | 2.2s | 82ms | 1.60 GB | 148.87 KB | 17K | - | |
plonky2 | 256 | 2.2s | 88ms | 1.59 GB | 148.87 KB | 29K | - | |
plonky2 | 512 | 4.5s | 172ms | 2.94 GB | 155.12 KB | 52K | - | |
plonky2 | 1,024 | 9.5s | 342ms | 5.55 GB | 161.50 KB | 99K | - | |
plonky2 | 2,048 | 19.6s | 713ms | 9.41 GB | 175.59 KB | 192K | - | |
provekit | 128 | 3.1s | 167ms | 1.59 GB | 603.08 KB | 277K | - | |
provekit | 256 | 3.1s | 197ms | 1.76 GB | 603.08 KB | 384K | - | |
provekit | 512 | 6.7s | 313ms | 3.12 GB | 609.04 KB | 597K | - | |
provekit | 1,024 | 6.9s | 430ms | 3.41 GB | 609.04 KB | 1M | - | |
provekit | 2,048 | 13.4s | 780ms | 5.93 GB | 613.81 KB | 1.8M | - | |
risc0 | 128 | 18.5s | 13ms | 1.47 GB | 218.06 KB | 0 | 4.6K | |
risc0 | 256 | 18.5s | 13ms | 1.47 GB | 218.06 KB | 0 | 4.7K | |
risc0 | 512 | 18.5s | 13ms | 1.47 GB | 218.06 KB | 0 | 5K | |
risc0 | 1,024 | 18.5s | 13ms | 1.48 GB | 218.06 KB | 0 | 5.6K | |
risc0 | 2,048 | 18.5s | 13ms | 1.48 GB | 218.06 KB | 0 | 6.8K | |
rookie-numbers | 128 | 4.9s | 295ms | 3.40 GB | 1.60 MB | 1.1K | - | |
rookie-numbers | 256 | 5.8s | 296ms | 3.38 GB | 1.59 MB | 1.1K | - | |
rookie-numbers | 512 | 7.2s | 296ms | 3.40 GB | 1.52 MB | 1.1K | - | |
rookie-numbers | 1,024 | 4.9s | 293ms | 3.41 GB | 2.01 MB | 1.1K | - | |
rookie-numbers | 2,048 | 4.8s | 300ms | 3.41 GB | 2.44 MB | 1.1K | - | |
spartan2 | 128 | 73ms | 21ms | 230.40 MB | 47.46 KB | 131K | - | |
spartan2 | 256 | 90ms | 23ms | 316.14 MB | 47.46 KB | 131K | - | |
spartan2 | 512 | 152ms | 32ms | 581.75 MB | 51.76 KB | 262K | - | |
spartan2 | 1,024 | 268ms | 49ms | 1.00 GB | 60.18 KB | 524K | - | |
spartan2 | 2,048 | 525ms | 85ms | 1.91 GB | 76.86 KB | 1M | - | |
stark-v | 128 | 2.2s | 10ms | 2.11 GB | 783.60 KB | 0 | 14K | |
stark-v | 256 | 2.3s | 10ms | 2.13 GB | 783.78 KB | 0 | 23K | |
stark-v | 512 | 2.1s | 11ms | 2.14 GB | 790.88 KB | 0 | 40K | |
stark-v | 1,024 | 3.2s | 10ms | 2.18 GB | 782.03 KB | 0 | 75K | |
stark-v | 2,048 | 2.4s | 10ms | 2.27 GB | 786.82 KB | 0 | 146K |